The suggestion of deleterious burden is based on segments of DNA that are not specifically advantageous, usually non-coding and something typically eliminated in wild plants by natural selection. The identification of beneficial and deleterious variants could be important factors for a more genomic-based strategy of breeding grapevines. The authors suggest that the beneficial effects of hybridization carry a potential cost as certain regions have elevated numbers of known deleterious variants. Throughout hybridization events and intentional breeding improvements, genetic fragments have been introduced with a higher deleterious burden, with most deleterious single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and structural variants hidden in a heterozygous state. Machine learning–based population genetic analysis detected evidence for a single domestication event of a grapevine, followed by continuous gene flow between European wild grapes (EU) and cultivated grapes over the past ~2,000 years. The combined collection covered a wide distributional range of global wild and cultivated grapes. The team collected existing sequencing data from 305 samples and performed sequencing on 40 samples from the USDA grape germplasm collections in Davis, California using the Illumina HiSeq 4000 platform. Within the last 3,000 years, grapevines were established in Europe, where the imported varieties came into contact with genetically distinct wild sylvestris populations.Ĭertain gene regions of the wine grapes related to aromatic compound synthesis were enriched with wild versions, suggesting that European wild grapes have been an essential resource for improving the flavor of wine grapes. Archaeological evidence dates the first domestication of grapevines to around 5,900 BC, with the propagation sylvestris varieties in the South Caucasus, the northern Fertile Crescent, and the Levant.Īfter their domestication, grapes were spread throughout the Mediterranean world, diversifying into many locally adapted varieties. In the study, "Adaptive and maladaptive introgression in grapevine domestication," published in PNAS, the researchers investigated the history of genetic hybridization between domesticated grapes and their European wild relatives, tracing the origin back to a single domestication event in wine grapes.Īccording to the study authors, domesticated grapevines spread to Europe around 3,000 years ago. Researchers at the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China, have applied machine learning to genetic sequence data from wild and domestic European grapes. ![]() Credit: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2023). Note that 0/0 is indicated by blue, 0/1 is indicated by yellow, and 1/1 is indicated by red. ( E) The heatmap of genotypes of two main LD blocks in this region. ![]() ( D) Introgression probability of this region by Filet. The wine grapes are shown by blue dots, the EU grapes are shown by red dots, and the ME grapes are shown by yellow dots. The kinship value between 0.5 and 1.5 is shown using gray solid lines. ![]() ( C) Kinship analysis of grapes in this region. The blue boxes indicate the malectin/receptor-like protein kinase domain. ( B) Syntenic relationship of the cluster region in the vinifera species. The red boxes indicate the CDS of the candidate Fer-like gene. The malectin domain is represented by blue boxes. ( A) A cluster of the malectin/receptor-like protein kinase domain was observed around the introgressed region. A region containing a Fer-like gene was predicted to have introgressed from the EU and under selection.
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